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19:28, 24 June 2026 Admin talk contribs created page Viral hepatitis (Created page with "Hepatitis A virus * Fecal-oral transmission (foodborne and waterborne transmission) * Highest rates of infection in children (30% of all infections), asymptomatic in 90% of children under 5 years old * Acute onset of symptoms * Usually self-limiting disease with low mortality * Vaccination and immunoglobulin therapy available * Diagnosis by PCR or antibody detection (HAV IgM) Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C * Has highest mortality rate of all hepatitis viruses * 50% de...") Tag: Visual edit
22:03, 29 January 2026 Admin talk contribs created page Osmometry (Created page with " Osmometry measures the osmotic strength of the particles within a sample. In clinical labs, this is most commonly performed using freezing point depression methodology. Uses {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Serum Osmolality ! colspan="2" |RI: 275 - 295 mOsm/kg |- !▲ Increased !▼ Decreased |- |Conditions |Toxin ingestion: * * | |- |Lab Interferences | | |- |Other Factors | * | * |}") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
18:58, 23 September 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Blood Gas Analysers (Created page with "Overview Blood gas analysers are point-of-care devices that provide fast results using whole blood samples. They can generally measure blood gases, hemoglobin and hemoglobin variants, electrolytes, and other important analytes such as glucose or lactic acid")
20:05, 20 May 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Interferences (Created page with "There are a variety of different factors that can interfere with laboratory results. The following provides an overview of possible interferences. == Specimen Integrity Issues == === Hemolysis === Hemolysis can interfere directly with lab results (due to the release of red blood cell components) or indirectly by affecting * May be due to patient's condition (e.g., hemolytic anemia, autoimmune conditions, certain drugs, etc.) * May be due to improper specimen collecti...") Tag: Visual edit
23:54, 10 May 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Liver Testing (Created page with "The following markers are commonly used to evaluate liver function and assess disease. * ALP * ALT * AST * GGT * LDH * Bilirubin * Albumin * Total protein Additionally, hematology tests may provide some indication of disease states, including: * Peripheral blood film * Coagulation testing Other testing may be performed for specific liver-related diseases. * Hepatitis B ** * Hepatitis C") Tag: Visual edit
20:14, 2 March 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Cardiac Testing (Created page with "Cardiac testing in the lab generally involves monitoring of cardiac markers, which are elevated when damage occurs to the heart. These markers include: * C-reactive protein (CRP) * Creatinine kinase (CK) * Myoglobin * NT-proBNP * Troponins == Overview == * '''Myoglobin is earliest marker''' (but declines quickly) * '''Cardiac troponin 1 is most cardiac-specific''' ** High-sensitivity cTnI used for investigating heart attacks ** Detectable quickly (3-12 hours), and rem...") Tag: Visual edit
03:36, 21 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Hematology Calculations (Created page with "The following are common calculations used in the hematology discipline. ==== RBC Indices ==== There are 3 RBC indices that are calculated from measured RBC parameters: MCH, MCV, MCHC. ==== Mean Cell Hemoglobin MCH (g/L) ==== Average amount of hemoglobin present per red blood cell. <math display="block">MCH=\frac{HGB}{RBC}</math> ==== Mean Cell Volume MCV (fL) ==== Average size (volume) of red blood cell. <math display="block">MCV=\frac{HCT*1000}{RBC}</math> ==== M...") Tag: Visual edit
03:34, 21 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page File:Neubauer counts.jpg
03:34, 21 February 2025 Admin talk contribs uploaded File:Neubauer counts.jpg
18:45, 20 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Safety (Created page with "Biological Safety * Universal precautions: first guidelines, centered around blood-borne pathogen precautions * Body substance isolation (BSI): updated guidelines for protection against all bodily fluids that may potentially transmit disease, as well as additional protection against certain diseases (e.g., airborne disease) * Routine practises and additional precautions (standard precautions): ** Assumption that all patients may possibly be infectious even without sympt...") Tag: Visual edit
11:58, 14 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Microbiology Quick Reference (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" |+ !Test !Positive QC !Negative QC !Uses |- |Catalase |''Staphylococcus spp.'' | | |- |Coagulase | rowspan="2" |''S. aureus'' | rowspan="2" |Other ''Staphylococcus'' | |- |Staphaureux (Latex agglutination) | |- |PYR |''S. lugdunensis'' | | |} ==== ''Staphylococcus'' species ==== ''Staphylococcus aureus'' * GPC clusters * Catalase + * Coagulase + * Staphaureux + If coagulase/Staphaureux negative, then CoNS: * ''S. lugdunensis'': PYR + * ''S. sapro...") Tag: Visual edit
19:00, 13 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Other Blood Groups (Created page with "There are a variety of other blood group antigens that may occur. More than 200 antigens from 30 other blood groups are known currently. Antibodies to these blood groups generally occur only through exposure during transfusion or pregnancy. ==== Dosage Effect ==== * Difference in antibody reaction strength based on the composition of antigen present (e.g., Anti-Jka will react more strongly with Jka Jka RBCs (double dosage) than with Jk<...") Tag: Visual edit
12:33, 11 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Immunity in Transfusion Science (Created page with "Transfusion involves the study of immunohematology, which is the interaction of blood-related antibodies and antigens in patients. In transfusion medicine, the immune response is chiefly humoral * Involves B lymphocytes, which may recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies as part of an immune response * Humoral immunity involves immune system related fluids, such as antibodies, complement, etc. === Protein & Carbohydrate Antigens === There are two main antigen...") Tag: Visual edit
11:16, 10 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Chemistry Calculations (Created page with "== Statistics & Quality Control == === Mean/Average (unit) === The mean is the average of a series of numbers. Report to the same units and decimal places as the data. <math display="block">\bar{x}=\frac{x_1+x_2+...+x_n}{n}</math> === Sample Standard Deviation === Use standard deviation when the '''mean of two methods is the same.''' Report as +1 decimal place more than the data. <math display="block">s=\sqrt{\frac{\Sigma(x-\bar{x})^2}{n-1}}</math>where x = data and...") Tag: Visual edit
18:01, 5 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Transfusion Calculations (Created page with "=== Compatible Units Calculation === Used to determine the amount of units that statistically need to be searched in order to find antigen-compatible units. <chem>\text{Units searched}=\frac{\text{Units required}}{(1-f_1)(1-f_2)(...)}</chem> Where f1 is the frequency of antigen 1, f2 is the frequency of antigen 2, etc. For example, if 2x K- units are required and the frequency of K is 8%, then the equation is: <math>\text{Units searched}=\frac{2}...") Tag: Visual edit
13:27, 5 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Electrolytes (Created page with "Electrolytes are ions (charged particles) that are found within various parts of the body. They are responsible for a variety of processes in the body, including metabolism. Common electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate, and various metallic ions. == Functions of Electrolytes == == Common Electrolytes == === Sodium === Sodium is absorbed by the small intestine, and primarily excreted by the kidneys. Its functions include: *...") Tag: Visual edit
12:43, 5 February 2025 Admin talk contribs deleted page File:CBC Equations.jpg (Duplicated file: content was: "Three main derived CBC values.", and the only contributor was "Admin" (talk))
00:26, 1 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Other Topics (Created page with "* ''C. psittaci'' * Viridans strep * ''Listeria'' * ''Cutibacterium'' gram * Oropouche fever * Eastern equine encephalitis * Shield colorectal cancer screening * Quantiferon TB * ''Fusobacterium necrophorum'' ** Lemierre's syndrome") Tag: Visual edit
13:18, 30 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Enzymes (Created page with "* Most enzymes found intracellularly, althougt some are normally found in plasma (e.g., coagulation factors) * Enzymes may appear in serum due to tissue damage or from degraded cells * Enzyme sites: ** Active site (where substrate interacts) ** Allosteric site (non-active site, where regularly molecules may bind) * Parts of Enzyme: ** Holoenzyme: complete, active enzyme ** Apoenzyme: protein portion of the enzyme, which requires a cofactor for increased activity (or any...") Tag: Visual edit
12:05, 30 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Hemolysis, Icterus & Lipemia (Created page with "== Hemolysis == === Causes === * Intravascular ** Hemolytic anemia ** Transfusion reactions * Extravascular ** Vigorous mixing ** Venipuncture *** Difficult draw *** Tourniquet left on for too long *** Use of small needle (e.g., butterfly) - higher gauge is smaller needle (23 gauge is smaller than 21 gauge) ** Old sample === Interferences/Issues === * Release of cellular contents can falsely affect chemistry results * Damage to blood cells can affect hematology resul...") Tag: Visual edit
11:52, 30 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Quality (Created page with "Phases of Testing * Pre-analytical ** Collection ** Transport ** Handling ** Reception in lab ** Initial processing * Analytical * Post-analytical") Tag: Visual edit
19:25, 27 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Red Blood Cell Morphology (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" |+ !RBC Trait !Appearance !Physiology !Associated Conditions !Follow-up Testing |- |Rouleaux |Stacked formation ("stack of coins") in monolayer * Often seen with blue background staining | * Increased amount of plasma proteins * Excess protein have + charge that reduces RBC membrane charge (zeta potential) * Reduced charge allows cells to stack (due to biconcave shape) | * Multiple myeloma/plasma cell myeloma * Chronic liver disease * Lymphomas * Ac...") Tag: Visual edit
20:16, 22 January 2025 Admin talk contribs uploaded a new version of File:CBC Equations.jpg (Corrected MCHC for SI units)
23:33, 20 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Complete Blood Count (CBC) (Created page with "thumb") Tag: Visual edit
23:33, 20 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page File:CBC Equations.jpg