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21:03, 29 January 2026 Admin talk contribs created page Osmometry (Created page with " Osmometry measures the osmotic strength of the particles within a sample. In clinical labs, this is most commonly performed using freezing point depression methodology. Uses {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Serum Osmolality ! colspan="2" |RI: 275 - 295 mOsm/kg |- !▲ Increased !▼ Decreased |- |Conditions |Toxin ingestion: * * | |- |Lab Interferences | | |- |Other Factors | * | * |}") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
17:58, 23 September 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Blood Gas Analysers (Created page with "Overview Blood gas analysers are point-of-care devices that provide fast results using whole blood samples. They can generally measure blood gases, hemoglobin and hemoglobin variants, electrolytes, and other important analytes such as glucose or lactic acid")
19:05, 20 May 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Interferences (Created page with "There are a variety of different factors that can interfere with laboratory results. The following provides an overview of possible interferences. == Specimen Integrity Issues == === Hemolysis === Hemolysis can interfere directly with lab results (due to the release of red blood cell components) or indirectly by affecting * May be due to patient's condition (e.g., hemolytic anemia, autoimmune conditions, certain drugs, etc.) * May be due to improper specimen collecti...") Tag: Visual edit
22:54, 10 May 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Liver Testing (Created page with "The following markers are commonly used to evaluate liver function and assess disease. * ALP * ALT * AST * GGT * LDH * Bilirubin * Albumin * Total protein Additionally, hematology tests may provide some indication of disease states, including: * Peripheral blood film * Coagulation testing Other testing may be performed for specific liver-related diseases. * Hepatitis B ** * Hepatitis C") Tag: Visual edit
19:14, 2 March 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Cardiac Testing (Created page with "Cardiac testing in the lab generally involves monitoring of cardiac markers, which are elevated when damage occurs to the heart. These markers include: * C-reactive protein (CRP) * Creatinine kinase (CK) * Myoglobin * NT-proBNP * Troponins == Overview == * '''Myoglobin is earliest marker''' (but declines quickly) * '''Cardiac troponin 1 is most cardiac-specific''' ** High-sensitivity cTnI used for investigating heart attacks ** Detectable quickly (3-12 hours), and rem...") Tag: Visual edit
02:36, 21 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Hematology Calculations (Created page with "The following are common calculations used in the hematology discipline. ==== RBC Indices ==== There are 3 RBC indices that are calculated from measured RBC parameters: MCH, MCV, MCHC. ==== Mean Cell Hemoglobin MCH (g/L) ==== Average amount of hemoglobin present per red blood cell. <math display="block">MCH=\frac{HGB}{RBC}</math> ==== Mean Cell Volume MCV (fL) ==== Average size (volume) of red blood cell. <math display="block">MCV=\frac{HCT*1000}{RBC}</math> ==== M...") Tag: Visual edit
02:34, 21 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page File:Neubauer counts.jpg
02:34, 21 February 2025 Admin talk contribs uploaded File:Neubauer counts.jpg
17:45, 20 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Safety (Created page with "Biological Safety * Universal precautions: first guidelines, centered around blood-borne pathogen precautions * Body substance isolation (BSI): updated guidelines for protection against all bodily fluids that may potentially transmit disease, as well as additional protection against certain diseases (e.g., airborne disease) * Routine practises and additional precautions (standard precautions): ** Assumption that all patients may possibly be infectious even without sympt...") Tag: Visual edit
10:58, 14 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Microbiology Quick Reference (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" |+ !Test !Positive QC !Negative QC !Uses |- |Catalase |''Staphylococcus spp.'' | | |- |Coagulase | rowspan="2" |''S. aureus'' | rowspan="2" |Other ''Staphylococcus'' | |- |Staphaureux (Latex agglutination) | |- |PYR |''S. lugdunensis'' | | |} ==== ''Staphylococcus'' species ==== ''Staphylococcus aureus'' * GPC clusters * Catalase + * Coagulase + * Staphaureux + If coagulase/Staphaureux negative, then CoNS: * ''S. lugdunensis'': PYR + * ''S. sapro...") Tag: Visual edit
18:00, 13 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Other Blood Groups (Created page with "There are a variety of other blood group antigens that may occur. More than 200 antigens from 30 other blood groups are known currently. Antibodies to these blood groups generally occur only through exposure during transfusion or pregnancy. ==== Dosage Effect ==== * Difference in antibody reaction strength based on the composition of antigen present (e.g., Anti-Jka will react more strongly with Jka Jka RBCs (double dosage) than with Jk<...") Tag: Visual edit
11:33, 11 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Immunity in Transfusion Science (Created page with "Transfusion involves the study of immunohematology, which is the interaction of blood-related antibodies and antigens in patients. In transfusion medicine, the immune response is chiefly humoral * Involves B lymphocytes, which may recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies as part of an immune response * Humoral immunity involves immune system related fluids, such as antibodies, complement, etc. === Protein & Carbohydrate Antigens === There are two main antigen...") Tag: Visual edit
10:16, 10 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Chemistry Calculations (Created page with "== Statistics & Quality Control == === Mean/Average (unit) === The mean is the average of a series of numbers. Report to the same units and decimal places as the data. <math display="block">\bar{x}=\frac{x_1+x_2+...+x_n}{n}</math> === Sample Standard Deviation === Use standard deviation when the '''mean of two methods is the same.''' Report as +1 decimal place more than the data. <math display="block">s=\sqrt{\frac{\Sigma(x-\bar{x})^2}{n-1}}</math>where x = data and...") Tag: Visual edit
17:01, 5 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Transfusion Calculations (Created page with "=== Compatible Units Calculation === Used to determine the amount of units that statistically need to be searched in order to find antigen-compatible units. <chem>\text{Units searched}=\frac{\text{Units required}}{(1-f_1)(1-f_2)(...)}</chem> Where f1 is the frequency of antigen 1, f2 is the frequency of antigen 2, etc. For example, if 2x K- units are required and the frequency of K is 8%, then the equation is: <math>\text{Units searched}=\frac{2}...") Tag: Visual edit
12:27, 5 February 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Electrolytes (Created page with "Electrolytes are ions (charged particles) that are found within various parts of the body. They are responsible for a variety of processes in the body, including metabolism. Common electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate, and various metallic ions. == Functions of Electrolytes == == Common Electrolytes == === Sodium === Sodium is absorbed by the small intestine, and primarily excreted by the kidneys. Its functions include: *...") Tag: Visual edit
11:43, 5 February 2025 Admin talk contribs deleted page File:CBC Equations.jpg (Duplicated file: content was: "Three main derived CBC values.", and the only contributor was "Admin" (talk))
23:26, 31 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Other Topics (Created page with "* ''C. psittaci'' * Viridans strep * ''Listeria'' * ''Cutibacterium'' gram * Oropouche fever * Eastern equine encephalitis * Shield colorectal cancer screening * Quantiferon TB * ''Fusobacterium necrophorum'' ** Lemierre's syndrome") Tag: Visual edit
12:18, 30 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Enzymes (Created page with "* Most enzymes found intracellularly, althougt some are normally found in plasma (e.g., coagulation factors) * Enzymes may appear in serum due to tissue damage or from degraded cells * Enzyme sites: ** Active site (where substrate interacts) ** Allosteric site (non-active site, where regularly molecules may bind) * Parts of Enzyme: ** Holoenzyme: complete, active enzyme ** Apoenzyme: protein portion of the enzyme, which requires a cofactor for increased activity (or any...") Tag: Visual edit
11:05, 30 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Hemolysis, Icterus & Lipemia (Created page with "== Hemolysis == === Causes === * Intravascular ** Hemolytic anemia ** Transfusion reactions * Extravascular ** Vigorous mixing ** Venipuncture *** Difficult draw *** Tourniquet left on for too long *** Use of small needle (e.g., butterfly) - higher gauge is smaller needle (23 gauge is smaller than 21 gauge) ** Old sample === Interferences/Issues === * Release of cellular contents can falsely affect chemistry results * Damage to blood cells can affect hematology resul...") Tag: Visual edit
10:52, 30 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Quality (Created page with "Phases of Testing * Pre-analytical ** Collection ** Transport ** Handling ** Reception in lab ** Initial processing * Analytical * Post-analytical") Tag: Visual edit
18:25, 27 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Red Blood Cell Morphology (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" |+ !RBC Trait !Appearance !Physiology !Associated Conditions !Follow-up Testing |- |Rouleaux |Stacked formation ("stack of coins") in monolayer * Often seen with blue background staining | * Increased amount of plasma proteins * Excess protein have + charge that reduces RBC membrane charge (zeta potential) * Reduced charge allows cells to stack (due to biconcave shape) | * Multiple myeloma/plasma cell myeloma * Chronic liver disease * Lymphomas * Ac...") Tag: Visual edit
19:16, 22 January 2025 Admin talk contribs uploaded a new version of File:CBC Equations.jpg (Corrected MCHC for SI units)
22:33, 20 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Complete Blood Count (CBC) (Created page with "thumb") Tag: Visual edit
22:33, 20 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page File:CBC Equations.jpg
22:33, 20 January 2025 Admin talk contribs uploaded File:CBC Equations.jpg
17:43, 20 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Specimen Processing (Hematology) (Created page with "Specimen Types: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Specimen Type !Uses !Collection Info !Interferences/Rejection Criteria |- |EDTA (lavender top) | * CBC, differential, blood morphology | * Transport within 1h * Run within 24h | |- |Sodium citrate (light blue top) | * Coagulation * Citrated platelet count (if EDTA-induced platelet clumping occurs) ** WBC and PLT count (multiply by x1.1 to correct for dilution) ** MPV reported ** Depending on site, other parameters can also be repo...") Tag: Visual edit
22:04, 7 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Hematopoiesis (Created page with "Fetal Hematopoiesis # Mesoblastic (yolk sac) phase #* From 19th day of gestation to 2-3 months #* Primitive RBCs formed intravascularly #* Three embryonic hemoglobins produced with very high O2 affinity #** Hb-Gower 1 #** Hb-Gower 2 #** Hb-Portland # Hepatic phase #* From 5-7 weeks gestation, declining until birth #* Liver and spleen produce initially produce cells, eventually continuing in thymus, placenta, kidney, lymph nodes, and bone marrow #* Cells produced extrava...") Tag: Visual edit
22:36, 6 January 2025 Admin talk contribs created page Blood Basics (Created page with "Composition of Blood * ~45% red blood cells * ~55% plasma * <1% leukocytes and thrombocytes Peripheral Blood Films * Anticoagulated whole blood, venous (EDTA lavender top) ** EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) chelates calcium to prevent activation of coagulation cascade ** Preserves cell components, minimal affects on cell morphology *** Excess EDTA (underfilled) can cause: **** Low cell counts & hematocrit **** Altered staining and morphology ***** Cell shrinkag...") Tag: Visual edit
19:49, 8 December 2024 Admin talk contribs created page Red Blood Cell Conditions (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" |+ !Condition !WBC !RBC !HGB !HCT !MCV !MCH !MCHC !RDW !PLT !Morphology !Followup Tests |- |Iron Deficiency Anemia | |N/↓ |N/↓ |↓ |↓ |↓ |↓ |↑ | |Hypo/micro Ovals, pencils Tears, targets (occasional) | |- |Sideroblastic Anemia | |↓ |↓ |↓ |N/↓ |N/↓ |N/↓ |↑ | |Dual population # Normochromic/normocytic # Hypo/micro Pappenheimers | |- |Lead poisoning | |↓ |↓ |↓ |N/↓ |N/↓ |N/'''↓''' |N | |Normo/normo OR hypo/micro...") Tag: Visual edit
20:26, 23 October 2024 Admin talk contribs created page Transfusion Workflow (Created page with "This provides a general overview of the transfusion type and screen as well as further investigations and crossmatching workflow. ==== Specimen Integrity Checks ==== Checks for possibly discrepancies or issues affecting specimen quality and patient safety * Correct number of tubes should be accounted for * Labels must be fully visible without any cut-off information * Name and MRN must match requisition * Tubes must be initialed and dated by collector; this must match...") Tag: Visual edit
11:40, 23 April 2024 Admin talk contribs created page Gram Staining (Histology) (Created page with "The gram stain is a microorganism stain that primarily targets gram positive and game negative bacteria (although it can be used to stain other organisms like yeast). * Classification: Microorganism stain * Target Tissue: Gram positive and gram negative microorganisms * Staining Principle: Differential staining * Staining Mechanism: Ionic bonding * Controls: ** Positive: appendix (appendicitis tissues), tissues containing microorganisms ==== Staining Mechanism ==== Pri...") Tag: Visual edit
17:15, 21 April 2024 Admin talk contribs created page Tumour Markers (Created page with "Common Tumour Markers: * Oncofetal Antigens ** Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ** Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) ** Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) *** elevations in GI cancers, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, and lung cancer *** increases with age and due to smoking * Carbohydrate Antigens (mucins/carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins) ** Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) *** Elevated with ovarian carcinomas and endometrial cancer ** Cancer Antigen 19-9 *** Elevated with pancreatic ca...") Tag: Visual edit
14:23, 21 April 2024 Admin talk contribs created page Chemistry Specimen Processing (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" |+ !Analyte !Specimen Type !Collection Media !Collection Notes !Reference Interval |- | rowspan="2" |Creatinine |Urine, 24 hour | | | |- |Blood serum |Lithium heparin | | |- | rowspan="3" |Urea |Blood serum or plasma |Lithium heparin | |2.1 - 7.1 mmol/L |- |Urine, random | |Use thymol preservative and refrigerate | |- |Urine, 24 hour | |Use thymol preservative and refrigerate |430 - 710 mmol/day |- | rowspan="2" |Uric Acid |Blood serum or plasma |Lit...") Tag: Visual edit
10:38, 15 April 2024 Admin talk contribs created page Blood Products (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" |+ !Product !Collection !Additives !Properties !Storage Life/Expiry |- |Frozen Plasma |Separated from whole blood (frozen within 24h) |CPD |Slightly reduced Factors V and VIII |Frozen: -18°C for 12 months Thawed: 1-6°C for 5 days |- |Apheresis Fresh Frozen Plasma |Apheresis (frozen within 8h) |Sodium citrate |Contains liable factors (V & VIII) and non-liable factors |1-6° for 24h |- |Apheresis Frozen Plasma |Apheresis (frozen within 24h) |ACD-A |...") Tag: Visual edit
09:34, 2 April 2024 Admin talk contribs created page Phenotypic Confirmatory Test (Created page with "The Phenotypic Confirmatory Test (PCT) is used to confirm the presence of an Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing organism. The following antibiotics are used: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Antibiotic !Abbreviated Name !What to Report |- |Cefoxitin |CEF |Report diameter, and whether organism is Susceptible or Resistant depending on breakpoint (see below) |- |Ceftazidime |CAZ | rowspan="2" |Report diameter, and whether potentiation occurs between CAZ and CCA. * >...") Tag: Visual edit
22:05, 24 March 2024 Admin talk contribs created page GI Specimen Processing (Created page with "==== Order of inoculating GIT tubes ==== 1. MAC 2. BA 3. TSI 4. ONPG PAM 5. TSB (swish around) ==== Spot Oxidase ==== 1. put filter paper on microscope slide 2. add drop of oxidase reagent to filter paper 3. Let dry at least 1 min (IMPORTANT: will get false neg otherwise) 4. Get colony on applicator stick and press and hold onto paper for 5 sec 5. read results (positive blue) ==== Other Notes ==== Serology: perform from TSI or BApp (cannot use anything that's s...") Tag: Visual edit
23:31, 14 March 2024 Admin talk contribs created page Granulocyte Maturation (Created page with "Blasts * Large cells, with high") Tag: Visual edit
14:24, 8 March 2024 Admin talk contribs created page Oil Red O (Stain) (Created page with "Overview {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ! ! ! |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |} Staining Procedure Troubleshooting") Tag: Visual edit
11:38, 7 March 2024 Admin talk contribs created page Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" |+ !Condition !Genetics !Affected Cells !Morphology & Testing !Effects |- |Pelger-Huet |Autosomal dominant |Neutrophils All WBCs may be affected |Heterozygous * Bi-lobed, mature neutrophils Homozygous * Round-to-oval nucleus without segmentation All lineages are affected! |Asymptomatic |- |Alder-Reilly |Autosomal recessive |Neutrophils, lymphs, and monos | * Neutrophilia with left shift * Dohle bodies * Toxic granulation in neuts * Large granules...") Tag: Visual edit
19:55, 6 March 2024 Admin talk contribs created page Myelodysplastic Syndromes (Created page with "These conditions involve blood cell dysplasias, which result from reductions in blood cell counts or abnormal production.") Tag: Visual edit
19:51, 6 March 2024 Admin talk contribs deleted page What Number Of Drops Of Essential Oil Do You Put In A Diffuser (Spam: content was: " It thus turns into necessary to use it in moderation in any other case an overpowering scent can quickly flip irritating somewhat than refreshing. Seasons Life is a spot where you may get all the necessary information about diffusers and important oils. Additionally, make sure that you solely choose a fragrance you might be comfortable with because...", and the only contributor was "JenniferDemaria" ([[User talk:JenniferDemaria...)
15:42, 6 March 2024 Admin talk contribs created page Myeloproliferative Disorders (Created page with "Myeloproliferative disorders are stem cell disorders that that result in excess production and overaccumulation of erythrocytes, granulocytes, and/or platelets. These abnormalities may appear in bone marrow, peripheral blood, and body tissues. The main types include: # Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) # Polycythemia vera (PV) # Essential thrombocythemia (ET) # Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) {| class="wikitable" |+ !Condition !Cause !Lab Findings !Diagnostic Tests !Trea...") Tag: Visual edit
16:34, 5 March 2024 Admin talk contribs deleted page How To Make Use Of The Aroma Diffuser (Spam: content was: " Our aromatherapy diffusers play a vital role in reaching that harmony. Experience for yourself what scent can do for you. Our collection of aromas each has a distinct effect on your wellbeing. For instance, enjoy a stimulating and restorative effect by filling the diffuser with our Savage Garden perfume. It comprises clary sage that has a soothing i...", and the only contributor was "JenniferDemaria" ([[User talk:JenniferDemari...)
11:43, 20 February 2024 Admin talk contribs created page Comparison of Leukocyte Conditions (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" |+ !Condition !Characteristics !Causes ! |- |Normal adult | | | |- |Normal neonate | | | |- |Normal child (1-3 years) | | | |- |Normal geriatric adult | | | |- |Bacterial infection | | | |- |Leukemoid Reaction | | | |- |Leukoerythroblastic picture | | | |- |Basophilia | | | |- |Eosinophilia | | | |- | | | | |- |Pelger-Huët Anomaly | | | |- |Alder-Reilly Anomaly | | | |- |May-Hegglin Anomaly | | | |- |Chediak-Higashi Syndrome | | | |} Granulocyte Alt...") Tag: Visual edit
11:12, 20 February 2024 Admin talk contribs imported Hematoxylin & Eosin Staining by file upload (1 revision)
11:12, 20 February 2024 Admin talk contribs imported List of Stains by file upload (1 revision)
11:12, 20 February 2024 Admin talk contribs imported Histology by file upload (1 revision)
11:12, 20 February 2024 Admin talk contribs imported Alkaline Phosphatase by file upload (1 revision)
11:12, 20 February 2024 Admin talk contribs imported Vitamin D by file upload (1 revision)
11:12, 20 February 2024 Admin talk contribs imported Calcium by file upload (1 revision)